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Effects of Strategies for Promoting Gender Diversity in Leadership Positions in SportsWomen in sports leadership positions is a growing social issue, with increasing attention focused on advancing gender diversity in this male-dominated field. As more organizations recognize the benefits of diverse leadership, gender initiatives have been encouraged targeting women in leadership roles in sports. The purpose of the study is to review the literature on the effects of strategies for promoting gender diversity on women in leadership positions in sports. Additionally, the study highlights the challenges that gender initiatives face. The findings suggest that while gender diversity initiatives have made progress in more inclusive environments, there are still significant barriers that remain.
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The Effects of the Foot-Surface Interface on Agility Performance in SoccerAgility, defined as the ability to change direction quickly and efficiently, is a crucial skill in soccer that impacts a player’s ability to outmaneuver opponents, maintain control, and capitalize on scoring opportunities. Agility not only enhances performance by enabling quick and effective responses to dynamic game situations but also serves as an indicator distinguishing higher-level players from lower-level players. Soccer demands agility, and the frequent, rapid changes in direction places significant physical demands on players. Shoe design factors and related accessories, such as high-friction socks and insoles, can influence a soccer player’s agility performance. The purpose of this synthesis is to review the literature on how the foot-surface interface affects agility performance in soccer. It was concluded that while the stud configuration is the primary design factor of agility performance, supplementary accessories like grip socks or friction-enhanced insoles serve as valuable complements for improving stability and efficiency during rapid directional changes.
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What impacts parent’s ability to influence their children’s physical activity?This synthesis examines the factors that influence parental involvement in children’s physical activity, focusing on role modeling, socioeconomic challenges, and education. The analysis uses peer-reviewed research from 2001 to 2024 to answer two main research questions: “What affects parents’ ability to support their children’s physical activity?” and “How do socioeconomic status (SES) and education shape parental involvement in children’s physical activity?” The findings show that active parents who offer logistical and emotional support help children develop long-term healthy habits. However, families with lower SES face barriers like limited finances, transportation issues, and fewer resources, while higher-SES families benefit from better access to opportunities. Parental education also plays a role, with higher education levels linked to better support for physical activity. Addressing these gaps through affordable programs, parent education, and community efforts is key to creating equal opportunities for all families. This study also highlights the importance of early parental involvement and the need for support systems to promote active and healthy lifestyles for children.
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The Effects of the Foot-Surface Interface on Agility Performance in SoccerAgility, defined as the ability to change direction quickly and efficiently, is a crucial skill in soccer that impacts a player’s ability to outmaneuver opponents, maintain control, and capitalize on scoring opportunities. Agility not only enhances performance by enabling quick and effective responses to dynamic game situations but also serves as an indicator distinguishing higher-level players from lower-level players. Soccer demands agility, and the frequent, rapid changes in direction place significant physical demands on players. Shoe design factors and related accessories, such as high-friction socks and insoles, can influence a soccer player’s agility performance. The purpose of this synthesis is to review the literature on how the foot-surface interface affects agility performance in soccer. It was concluded that while stud configuration is the primary design factor of agility performance, supplementary accessories like grip socks or friction-enhanced insoles serve as valuable complements for improving stability and efficiency during rapid directional changes.
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Relational Understanding of Key Algebraic ConceptsThis curriculum project contains four Algebra 1 exemplar lessons covering relational understanding in topics organized by utilizing the 5E method of instruction. The non-sequential lessons on solving equations, evaluating functions, discovering the slope formula, and discovering the rules of exponents are designed to be implemented with the 5E instructional model and relational understanding (knowing what to do and why). The 5E model structures instruction around engage, explore, explain, elaborate, and evaluate. The goal is for students to become more familiar with important mathematical concepts and develop essential problem-solving and critical thinking skills. The keys for all student materials can be found in the Appendix.
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Academic Intervention Services (AIS) in the Mathematics ClassroomThis Curriculum Project presents Academic Intervention materials to support 7th, 8th, and 9th grade mathematics instruction by providing teachers with differentiated lessons designed to address the diverse needs of learners. The lessons are adaptable for use in both classroom settings and pull-out interventions, ensuring flexibility in implementation. Each lesson includes variations to meet the needs of students at different skill levels and can be further modified to align with other mathematical topics. The primary goal of these resources is to help students close learning gaps from previous years while simultaneously guiding them toward success in their current math curriculum. By offering targeted, adaptable, and effective instructional tools, this project aims to support educators in fostering mathematical growth and achievement among all students. Examples and keys for all student materials are provided in the appendix.
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Exploring Quadratic Expressions through the 5E ModelWith the recent pedagogical wave, there has been a transition towards student-centered learning methodologies within mathematics classrooms. Recognizing the evolving landscape of education and the need for personalized learning experiences, a departure from traditional teacher-centered instruction is imperative to prioritize active student engagement through inquiry-based learning and collaborative problem-solving. Empowering students through these approaches fosters deeper conceptual understanding, enhances critical thinking skills, and promotes mathematical fluency. This curriculum project presents four sequential Algebra I lessons exploring quadratic expressions using the 5E Instructional Model. This model, rooted in constructivist principles, provides a structured framework intended to address the new pedagogical wave. The 5E Model can promote a stronger foundation for student knowledge in quadratic expressions and lead to stronger conceptual understanding in Algebra II. Answer keys for all student materials are provided in the appendix.
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Algebra in Real Life through Differentiated InstructionNot all students learn the same way or at the same speed, making differentiated instruction in the mathematics classroom critical. This curriculum project provides exemplary lessons built around differentiated instruction and real-world examples. All four of the lessons cover the same standard of proportions and ratios, but they all have students working with different real-world examples to cover the content. The first lesson is on discount prices and percent increase and percent decrease; lesson two is on unit price, lesson three is on unit conversions, and lesson four is on direct proportions. time, or baking cookies, proportions are used to solve problems in so many real-world examples. All lessons provide examples of how to teach the content using differentiated instruction. The keys for all student materials are in the appendix.
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Teaching Strategies for Reducing Bullying in Middle School Physical EducationBullying is characterized as a type of aggression towards another that is deliberate and repeated by one or more individuals who hold an inherent power imbalance. (Greco, 2021; Montero-Carretero et al., 2019). In physical education (PE), poor motor skills and performance can make students especially vulnerable to bullying, as their abilities are highly visible and subject to judgment from their peers (Ríos et al., 2023). In PE, physical contact and peer interactions may contribute to bullying behaviors. However, with the correct teaching approach, PE classes could become a pivotal space to combat bullying (Montero-Carretero et al., 2019). Pre-service physical education teachers expressed the belief that physical education could both facilitate bullying and serve as a tool to prevent it (Ríos et al., 2023). They noted a lack of training in addressing bullying and felt unequipped to tackle the issue confidently. When combating bullying, the typical approach is to focus on eliminating bullying instead of promoting prosocial behaviors through the development of well-being (Greco, 2021). Studies showed that students' self-determination motivation in PE was positively affected by a supportive teaching style versus a controlling style used by teachers (Montero-Carretero et al., 2019). One of the teaching strategies that has been shown to reduce bullying is Autonomy Support (AS), which entails acknowledging the child's feelings, embracing their perspective, justifying decisions, offering choices, and minimizing pressure (Montero-Carretero et al., 2019). According to Montero-Carretero et al. (2019), an Autonomy Supportive PE environment positively predicted the satisfaction of basic psychological needs, which, as a result, positively predicted self-determined motivation for physical education.
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The Effects of Special Olympics Unified SportsPeople participate in sport for a variety of reasons. Being part of a team creates a sense of social inclusion and allows peers to interact with one another in a positive manner. For individuals with intellectual disabilities social inclusion is sometimes harder to achieve and sport is a tool that can help aid in creating that inclusion. Special Olympics and Unified Sports are two leading programs that help incorporate sports into the lives of those with intellectual disabilities. The purpose of this synthesis is to determine the effects of the Special Olympics Unified Sports programs on participants.
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Engaging Learners by Incorporating Flipped Classroom with PolynomialsEngaging students in mathematics instruction and learning is important yet challenging. Incorporating the flipped is one way teachers have found to increase engagement in the classroom. Using the New York State (NYS) Next Generation Mathematics Standards, this curriculum project showcases how teachers can incorporate the flipped classroom through four exemplar lessons. The content focus is polynomials in an Algebra I classroom. Each lesson includes instructional videos for homework and activities during instructional time. The keys for all materials are included in the appendix.
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Real Life Projects with a Focus on the Principles of Realistic Mathematics EducationRealistic Mathematics Education (RME) is an instructional approach that emphasizes connecting concepts to real-world contexts, problem-centered learning, authentic assessment, and reflection. RME engages students in contexts instead of teaching a concept and then asking students to apply it. This curriculum project incorporates RME into real-life projects to engage students in learning mathematics and encourage more problem-solving and student reflection in 7th grade and Algebra 1 mathematics. This curriculum project includes four non-sequential lessons focusing on the 7th-grade topics of percent and statistics and the Algebra one topics of systems of linear equations and equations of quadratic functions. The purpose is to create projects with real-world contexts that are accessible to all students. When students see that the mathematics they learn can apply to their lives, they are more likely to be engaged, motivated, and interested in the learning. Keys for all student materials are in the appendix.
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Promoting Social Interaction through Cooperative Learning in the Seventh-Grade CurriculumThis curriculum project was designed to explore the growth of social interaction through cooperative learning in the seventh-grade curriculum. Exemplar lessons for the seventh-grade curriculum are designed using NYS Next Generation Mathematics standards. The curriculum employs core elements of cooperative learning as a vessel for increased social interaction amongst middle school students. The core elements of individual and group accountability, promotive interaction, and positive interdependence can be found in lessons one and two, lesson three, and lesson four, respectively. Keys for all lesson materials are included in the appendix. Individual and group accountability ensures the group only succeeds if all members succeed. Promotive interaction ensures student support for each other. Positive interdependence encourages all members to work together to reach an overarching goal. Humans acquire knowledge through interaction with one another and the cooperative learning detailed in this curriculum project embodies this ideal.
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Exemplar Lessons of How to Utilize Mathematical Discourse to Facilitate LearningMathematical discourse is a crucial skill for students to develop if they wish to be successful in the classroom. Discourse allows students to freely present and share their ideas with the class as a whole. Through discourse, students can develop their content-specific knowledge while simultaneously developing their real-world collaboration skills. To establish a classroom culture where meaningful discourse can flourish, teachers should strive to fill the role of an experienced guide who facilitates the students’ learning and cultivates a nurturing and encouraging classroom environment for all students. Students need to feel that their thoughts and ideas are appreciated and respected in class for them to feel comfortable sharing. This curriculum project includes four non-sequential exemplar lessons across high school topics designed to integrate meaningful mathematical discourse into learning. The keys for student materials are in the appendix.
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Applying the 5E Instructional Model to Systems of Linear EquationsThis curriculum project applies the 5E instructional model and presents four lessons on solving systems of linear equations designed to promote student-centered lessons and problem-solving within the mathematics classroom. The 5E model consists of five phases: Engage, Explore, Explain, Elaborate, and Evaluate, and provides a structure to the four included lessons designed to improve student engagement and understanding of systems of linear equations. The materials were designed to elevate the importance of the exploration and explanation phases. The 5E instructional model provides a framework that can utilize complex tasks to encourage student engagement and discovery-based learning to further students’ understanding of systems of linear equations. The keys for all student materials can be found in the appendix.
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The Effect of Athletic Participation on the Character and Social Development of Youth Sport AthletesThere are both pros and cons identified that are related to youth sport participation. This synthesis project was initiated by brainstorming specific research questions and criteria related to the topic. This allowed for the analysis of what was presented and concluded in the current research. As a result of the investigation, it was shown that sport participation can have many favorable outcomes for individuals when taught and enforced in a positive way. Specifically, life skills, social skills, and positive character attributes can be translated into their lives outside of sport. Moreover, these skills and characteristics are often influenced by coaches and the environment athletes are involved in. In order for athletes to develop through sport, it is essential that coaches place an emphasis on the individual, positive youth development, and build an effective team environment. Therefore, the purpose of this synthesis project is to review the literature on the effect of athletic participation on the character and social development of youth sport athletes. In addition, the articles highlight the impact of coaches and sporting environments on youth sport athlete development.
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A Differentiated Teaching Model to Support Diverse Learners and Those with Math AnxietyThis curriculum project integrates Algebra II topics with different instructional strategies that support diverse learners, specifically those with anxiety associated with learning mathematics (math anxiety). The non-sequential lessons include a review of quadratic functions, the transformation of functions, radical functions, and trigonometry. These are presented through guided notes, an interactive digital lesson, gamification, and stations. These lessons align with the New York State Common Core Standards for Algebra II. Keys for each of the lessons can be found in the Appendix.
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Supporting LGBTQ+ Youth in Schools: A Literature ReviewYouth who identify as lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender, queer or questioning, or any other diverse sexual or gender identity (LGBTQ+) face many challenges in terms of their mental health and wellness. These youth spend most of their adolescent life within a school setting. This review aims to analyze the risk and protective factors of these youth to determine adequate recommendations for setting appropriate supports within schools to help LGBTQ+ youth. Furthermore, this review aims to analyze the role of a school counselor in supporting these youth. By considering state and national laws, best practice, roles, risk and protective factors, and contributing outside factors, LGBTQ+ youth can be better supported in school settings.
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Cultural and Linguistic Factors in Standardized AssessmentThis capstone project aims to explore how assessment can be inequitable for English Language Learners (ELLs) across schools in the United States, including Long Beach High School. Research has provided examples of bias that exists within assessment that limits ELLs from demonstrating their understanding of content. Examples of bias include linguistic barriers, references to the dominant culture, differences in testing conditions, and mainstream test-makers. The literature review further provides suggestions to be taken to eliminate such bias, involving using knowledge of ELLs to modify test items to be appropriate for them. This project culminates in the description of a professional development session at Long Beach High School that will raise awareness of these biases for teachers who may not have an understanding, followed by strategies that teachers can use for assessing their ELLs. To further improve this issue, it is recommended that additional professional development sessions occur throughout the school year to check in with teachers and provide support.
