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dc.contributor.authorFaraone, Stephen V.
dc.contributor.authorNewcorn, Jeffrey H.
dc.contributor.authorCipriani, Andrea
dc.contributor.authorBrandeis, Daniel
dc.contributor.authorKaiser, Anna
dc.contributor.authorHohmann, Sarah
dc.contributor.authorHaege, Alexander
dc.contributor.authorCortese, Samuele
dc.date.accessioned2021-07-06T19:36:33Z
dc.date.available2021-07-06T19:36:33Z
dc.date.issued2021-05-10
dc.identifier.issn1359-4184
dc.identifier.eissn1476-5578
dc.identifier.doi10.1038/s41380-021-01134-w
dc.identifier.pii1134
dc.identifier.urihttp://hdl.handle.net/20.500.12648/1810
dc.description.abstractThe nature and magnitude of placebo and nocebo responses to ADHD medications and the extent to which response to active medications and placebo are inter-correlated is unclear. To assess the magnitude of placebo and nocebo responses to ADHD and their association with active treatment response. We searched literature until June 26, 2019, for published/ unpublished double-blind, randomised placebo-controlled trials (RCTs) of ADHD medication. Authors were contacted for additional data. We assessed placebo effects on efficacy and nocebo effects on tolerability using random effects metaanalysis. We assessed the association of study design and patient features with placebo/nocebo response. We analysed 128 RCTs (10,578 children/adolescents and 9175 adults) and found significant and heterogenous placebo effects for all efficacy outcomes, with no publication bias. The placebo effect was greatest for clinician compared with other raters. We found nocebo effects on tolerability outcomes. Efficacy outcomes from most raters showed significant positive correlations between the baseline to endpoint placebo effects and the baseline to endpoint drug effects. Placebo and nocebo effects did not differ among drugs. Baseline severity and type of rating scale influenced the findings. Shared non-specific factors influence response to both placebo and active medication. Although ADHD medications are superior to placebo, and placebo treatment in clinical practice is not feasible, clinicians should attempt to incorporate factors associated with placebo effects into clinical care. Future studies should explore how such effects influence response to medication treatment. Upon publication, data will be available in Mendeley Data: PROSPERO (CRD42019130292).en_US
dc.language.isoenen_US
dc.publisherSpringer Science and Business Media LLCen_US
dc.rightsAttribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International*
dc.rights.urihttps://www.springer.com/tdm
dc.rights.urihttp://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/*
dc.subjectMolecular Biologyen_US
dc.subjectCellular and Molecular Neuroscienceen_US
dc.subjectPsychiatry and Mental healthen_US
dc.titlePlacebo and nocebo responses in randomised, controlled trials of medications for ADHD: a systematic review and meta-analysisen_US
dc.typeArticleen_US
dc.source.journaltitleMolecular Psychiatryen_US
dc.description.versionAMen_US
dc.description.institutionUpstate Medical Universityen_US
dc.description.departmentPsychiatryen_US
dc.description.degreelevelN/Aen_US


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