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Decarbonization Of ShippingThe main goal of this Thesis is to analyze the modern and critical issue of shipping decarbonization providing an analytic approach on crucial questions which affect the global shipping nowadays. According to recent studies, the maritime industry is accountable for more than 85% of the world’s trade. At the same time, it consumes 2% of the world’s energy demand, adding 3% to the overall Greenhouse Gas (GHG) emissions. Based on these numbers, it can be said that the industry is one of the most energy advanced and efficient industries, but in parallel particularly harmful for the environment. It has been legislated by the International Maritime Organization (IMO) that, until 2050 the air emissions of the industry must have been reduced by 50% compared to 2008. Since early 2020, the so-called Sulphur cap has been activated, which dictates that sulphur-based emissions should be reduced to 0.5%. In order to achieve the IMO goals various pathways have been developed, of which the most common are speed reduction (slow steaming), scrubbers’ installation and Low Sulphur Fuel Oils (LSFO). Nevertheless, the long-term studies agree that in order to achieve the IMO goals, the industry should move towards new alternative fuels, emitting lower or zero harmful gases. Based on these facts, this Thesis will try to provide a critical overview of the current state of the maritime field and its contribution to the world’s trade and economy, emphasizing on the global shipping. IMO Marine Environment Protection Committee applied the MEPC regulations 75, 76 and 77 on June 2021, building on Energy Efficient Existing Ship Index for existing ships and Energy Efficient Design Index for new buildings (came into force since 2013). In addition, IMO has also adopter the Carbon Intensity Indicator (CII) which basically requires specific goals on vessels for reducing their carbon operational emissions (came into force on January 1st 2023). All these measures are indicated in MARPOL Annex VI – Ship Decarbonization as per IMO regulations.
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Introduction to Digital PhotographyLearn and master the basic features of your camera to gain better control of your photos. Individualized chapters on each of the cameras basic functions as well as cheat sheets you can download and print for use while shooting.
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Federal Oversight of the America's Marine Highway Program in Response to the Mandates of the Energy Independence and Security Act of 2007The America’s Marine Highway Program is an initiative that seeks to ease traffic congestion in landside transportation corridors by moving freight from those highways and railroads to waterborne vessels that travel on nearby rivers and coasts. The program markets itself as an ambitious, national-scale initiative that seeks to drive economic growth and improve quality of life. Its genesis, however, is a three-page section of a 310-page Congressional act that provided for no funding and little oversight. Given this juxtaposition of good intentions and bureaucratic constraints, this paper will examine the historical context for commercial use of the nation’s inland waterway system, analyze the objectives and mechanics of the program in its current state, explore the government’s legal basis for engaging in such activities, and make specific recommendations for the program going forward.
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Ships as Sites of Memory: Collecting Maritime HistoryA poster presentation from Mid-Atlantic Regional Archives Conference (MARAC) October 7, 2021.
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The justification for federal assistance in emerging United States surface freight transportation modes: the case for America's Marine HighwaysThe United States Department of Transportation (DOT) and Maritime Administration (MARAD) developed America’s Marine Highway Program to minimize congested surface transportation conditions. A decade after its implementation, America’s Marine Highway Program continues to be an emerging freight transportation alternative. Historically, emerging United States surface freight transportation modes, i.e., the first transcontinental railroad and the Interstate Highway System, received legislation that appropriated significant levels of federal assistance during their nascent stage due to their high social rate of return; a high social rate of return was determined to range from 20 to 30 percent. This study argues that the justification for federal assistance in emerging United States surface freight transportation modes is based on their respective social rate of return. This study defends that the positive externalities associated with America’s Marine Highway Program, i.e., the social rate of return, justifies a similar level of initial federal startup support based on its benefits to United States national security.
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Maritime Cyber Risk Management Process: Case for American Liquefied Gas CarrierThe entwinement of shipboard traditional and cyber assets and the unique and potentially severe hazards of a liquefied gas carrier necessitate the need of the robust implementation of a shipboard cyber risk management process. Academic research on maritime cyber risk management lack an empirical research on a shipboard system in operation and a broader coverage of regulatory and commercial insights in formulating such process. This thesis aims to propose a shipboard cyber risk management process with broader technological, regulatory, and commercial perspectives in the maritime transportation of liquefied gas cargo. Case study methodology is applied to describe the formulation and implementation of a shipboard cyber risk management process. Interpretive data collection is conducted to identify and review key stakeholders on the cyber risk management of American liquefied gas carriers and their relevant resources. A baseline of references is proposed to formulate a shipboard cyber risk management process. For this purpose, the cyberspace and vulnerabilities of the maritime industry is reviewed to identify considerations originating from a cyber environment, the maritime industry, and a vessel. Case study was conducted by reviewing documents and observing a cargo handling system commissioned on a liquefied petroleum gas carrier in operation. Asset-based risk assessment is conducted to determine quantitative risk impact value of and cyber threats to critical equipment. The study demonstrates how the integration of traditional and cyber assets in a cargo handling system introduce cyber threats and aggravate physical threats. Results demonstrates how existing company and shipboard practices can be enhanced to improve shipboard cyber resilience.
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Residual Fuel Oil Market: Risks and Opportunities for the Maritime SectorThe Transportation Sector, and by extension, public and private oceangoing shipping, is on track to become effectively the only remaining consumer of residual fuel oil (RFO) over the next several years in the United States. This work examines this changing demand and analyzes implications for the shipping industry and refiners. It develops an RFO demand prediction model using multiple regression. It also makes recommendations for increasing efficiency in the marine bunkering supply chain - improving corporate efficiency is one approach to managing cost and risk in this changing marketplace.
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COVID-19 and the Fate of the Cruise Industry: A Holistic Answer to Regaining the Public's TrustThe cruise industry is facing a challenge that has never been seen before. The COVID-19 Pandemic has crippled a market that has been steadily growing for decades and, before this, showed no end in sight. As cruise lines halt operations, hemorrhage money, and call for loans just to stay in business, there also must be a complete shift in how these companies operate and vessels run in order to ensure viability. The general public has understood the risks of cruising since its inception, but this new era of uncommon hazards is changing their view to second guess safety and practicability of a vacation at sea. Patterns have begun to emerge where ship size, itinerary, common areas, and space ratios have all played an integral role in the spread of this pandemic onboard ships. Indications from the public have shown that they have little knowledge of how ships work and focus more on assumptions and grouping companies as a collective when assessing how safe the cruise market is. Since cruise companies tend to be merged together in the public's mind due to lack of understanding, the market as a whole needs to implement new strategies that are clearly visible to the public now and hidden from public view later on in order to create and maintain consumer confidence. The companies need to form a holistic approach to combat this spread and regain control of their industry. Presented in this thesis is evidence of a changing cruise industry landscape and strategies to better safeguard the market from the likelihood of this happening in the future. Additional research after implementation of the industry's new operating structures would be beneficial to improve on these findings.
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Teaching with Primary Sources: Reports from the Front LinesAs the pedagogical benefits of working with primary sources have become more well-known, archivists are increasingly serving as educators and interpreters of their collections. However, archivists often have little experience as educators, and must learn new skills to provide effective instruction. This presentation provides a mix of both theoretical discussion and practical lessons based on the author's experience at SUNY Maritime College.
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Analysis of the "Additive Increase Multiplicative Decrease" Model for Congestion AvoidanceAs technology advances, network congestion avoidance becomes increasingly more important. For this project, we attempted to analyze and optimize the Additive Increase, Multiplicative Decrease (AIMD) algorithm to gather data for our partner company. We created our own AIMD models and ran simulations to find and compare relevant data.
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A Study on the Northern Sea Route and its Economic FeasibilityFuture predictions support that Suez Canal will not be able to compensate the increasing size of ships that are used for trade between Asia and Europe. Relevant studies (Verny & Grigentin, 2009) also indicate that the economic growth of China is moving from the Southeast to the North. Therefore, alternative routes need to be considered in order to minimize transportation costs and satisfy demand of the traded containerized products between Northern Europe and Northern China. One of those alternative routes is considered to be Northern Sea Route (NSR). This research paper, thus, examines the economic feasibility of this route taking into account both the advantages and disadvantages that this route has to offer.
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More Matter for a May Morning: Evil May Day, 1517My seminar paper surveys accounts of Evil May Day from 1517 to The Play of Sir Thomas More (1603-04). It begins by analyzing contemporary accounts and chronicle histories. It then moves on to consider the ways in which the event has been understood by biographers as a seminal moment in the life of Thomas More. Shifting from the historical to the literary, it gestures towards the ways in which Utopia anticipates and attempts to make impossible events like Evil May Day, in large part because of Utopia's radical reimagining of the early modern calendar.. My general position is that time-reckoning is contested throughout the early modern period, and that it is both more malleable than traditionalists would allow, and more sticky than reformers would prefer. Evil May Day is an unusually potent symbol for social conflict and social cohesion, and an anniversary which lingered in early modern imaginations.
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Water-Quality Assessment of Two Slow-Moving Sandy-Bottom Sites on the Saw Mill River, New YorkWe selected 2 sites on the Saw Mill River and conducted biological assessments of water quality using macroinvertebrate composition. Assessment metrics used were: Shannon-Weiner diversity, evenness, species richness, Hilsenhoff biotic index (HBI), Ephemeroptera—Plecoptera—Trichoptera richness (EPT), and non-Chironomidae and Oligochaete (NCO) richness. Water temperature, pH, conductivity, total dissolved solids, dissolved oxygen, and water flow and velocity were not significantly different across sites. Shannon-Weiner diversity values were 2.32 (evenness = 0.20) for Chappaqua and 2.68 (evenness = 0.31) for Hawthorne. Species and NCO richness for Chappaqua were 49 and 22, respectively, and for Hawthorne were 44 and 23, respectively. HBI was 7.99 for Chappaqua and 7.69 for Hawthorne. Both sites had equal EPT values of 5. Based on macroinvertebrate assessment indices, we classified water quality at these sites as non-impacted.
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Risk Sensitive Optimal Synchronization of Coupled Stochastic Neural Networks with Chaotic PhenomenaThis paper presents a new theoretical design of how an optimal synchronization is achieved for stochastic coupled neural networks with respect to a risk sensitive optimality criterion. The approach is rigorously developed by using the Hamilton-Jacobi-Bellman equation, Lyapunov technique, and inverse optimality, to obtain a risk sensitive state feedback controller, which guarantees that the chaotic drive network synchronizes with the chaotic response network influenced by uncertain noise signals, with an eye on a given risk sensitivity parameter. Finally, a numerical example is given to demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed approach.
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Integrating Alternative Algorithms: Possibilities and PracticesThis article discusses reasons for learning alternative algorithms and the benefits of exposing preservice teachers to alternative algorithms. It presents two alternative multi-digit subtraction algorithm examples, includes perspectives from preservice teachers, and provides strategies for teachers and teacher educators to integrate alternative algorithms in classrooms.
