A Cross-Cultural Analysis of Entheogen Use from Pre-History to the Psychedelic Renaissance

Abstract

This paper examines the role of entheogenic substances in human evolution, ritual practices, and modern applications. It provides an overview of evidence indicating entheogen use dating back to prehistoric times, as seen through artifacts like Paleolithic cave paintings that suggest shamanic rituals incorporating altered states of consciousness. Archaeological findings from around the globe provide early depictions of entheogen use, suggesting the desire to consume entheogens is a natural and normal component of the human experience.

The rise of colonialism suppressed Indigenous religious entheogenic practices through force and by labeling them as "demonic." This set the stage for future eras like the War on Drugs that weaponized prohibition to target countercultural movements and people of color. The 1960s Psychedelic Revolution popularized LSD and psilocybin in novel Western socio-cognitive frameworks on the backs of Indigenous ritualized use. Today's Psychedelic Renaissance shows promise but risks perpetuating inequities if access, harm reduction, and Indigenous sovereignty are not prioritized.

By analyzing cross-cultural evidence through a multidisciplinary lens, this paper explores how human proclivities may have evolved alongside entheogen use for benefits like language, art, healing, and social cohesion. We examine best practices for shaping the current Psychedelic Renaissance while honoring entheogens' deep roots in human spirituality.