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Placebo and nocebo responses in randomised, controlled trials of medications for ADHD: a systematic review and meta-analysis
Faraone, Stephen V. Newcorn, Jeffrey H. Cipriani, Andrea Brandeis, Daniel Kaiser, Anna Hohmann, Sarah Haege, Alexander Cortese, Samuele
Faraone, Stephen V.
Newcorn, Jeffrey H.
Cipriani, Andrea
Brandeis, Daniel
Kaiser, Anna
Hohmann, Sarah
Haege, Alexander
Cortese, Samuele
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Molecular Psychiatry
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2021-05-10
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Abstract
The nature and magnitude of placebo and nocebo responses to ADHD medications and the extent to which response to
active medications and placebo are inter-correlated is unclear. To assess the magnitude of placebo and nocebo responses to
ADHD and their association with active treatment response. We searched literature until June 26, 2019, for published/
unpublished double-blind, randomised placebo-controlled trials (RCTs) of ADHD medication. Authors were contacted for
additional data. We assessed placebo effects on efficacy and nocebo effects on tolerability using random effects metaanalysis.
We assessed the association of study design and patient features with placebo/nocebo response. We analysed 128
RCTs (10,578 children/adolescents and 9175 adults) and found significant and heterogenous placebo effects for all efficacy
outcomes, with no publication bias. The placebo effect was greatest for clinician compared with other raters. We found
nocebo effects on tolerability outcomes. Efficacy outcomes from most raters showed significant positive correlations
between the baseline to endpoint placebo effects and the baseline to endpoint drug effects. Placebo and nocebo effects did
not differ among drugs. Baseline severity and type of rating scale influenced the findings. Shared non-specific factors
influence response to both placebo and active medication. Although ADHD medications are superior to placebo, and placebo
treatment in clinical practice is not feasible, clinicians should attempt to incorporate factors associated with placebo effects
into clinical care. Future studies should explore how such effects influence response to medication treatment. Upon
publication, data will be available in Mendeley Data: PROSPERO (CRD42019130292).
Citation
Faraone, S.V., Newcorn, J.H., Cipriani, A. et al. Placebo and nocebo responses in randomised, controlled trials of medications for ADHD: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Mol Psychiatry 27, 212–219 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41380-021-01134-w
Faraone, S.V., Newcorn, J.H., Cipriani, A. et al. Placebo and nocebo responses in randomised, controlled trials of medications for ADHD: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Mol Psychiatry 27, 212–219 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41380-021-01134-w
Faraone, S.V., Newcorn, J.H., Cipriani, A. et al. Placebo and nocebo responses in randomised, controlled trials of medications for ADHD: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Mol Psychiatry 27, 212–219 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41380-021-01134-w