Thompson, Azure
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Institutional profile
Dr. Thompson is an Assistant Professor in the Departments of Community Health Sciences and Health Policy and Management in the School of Public Health. She holds a DrPH and MPH in Sociomedical Sciences from Columbia University and a B.A. in journalism from Howard University. Prior to her appointment in the School of Public Health, Dr. Thompson was Associate Director of Policy Research and Analysis and Research Scientist at The National Center on Addiction and Substance Abuse. She has also been on faculty as an Associate Research Scientist in Psychiatry and a scholar in the NIH ORWH's career development program in women's health and addictive behaviors at Yale University, a NIMH postdoctoral trainee in mental health services research at Rutgers University, a NIDA predoctoral trainee in drug abuse research at the National Development and Research Institute, Inc. and a W.K. Kellogg Fellow in Health Policy Research.
Dr. Thompson's research focuses on the social determinants of substance use and related psychiatric problems, with a particular emphasis on racial/ethnic minority women in urban settings. She is particularly interested in studying life course risk and protective factors associated with substance use among black women, and the intersection of these factors with neighborhood and policy environments. Through this research, she seeks to inform the development of programs and policies that contribute to the elimination of health disparities, particularly those related to addiction. She is currently conducting research on the determinants of tobacco use among young adult black women, including an examination of the influence of exposure to tobacco marketing and access to tobacco retail on tobacco use behaviors. She does this research by conducting epidemiological studies using nationally representative data sets, as well as studies using primary data collected through survey, qualitative and field research methods.
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Publication Open Access Gender differences in age of smoking initiation and its association with health.(2015-04-27) Thompson, Azure B; Tebes, Jacob K; McKee, Sherry ABackground: It is generally accepted that smoking starts in adolescence and earlier initiation is associated with more negative health outcomes. Some research suggests that women initiate smoking at later ages and have more negative health outcomes than men. The purpose of this study was to examine gender differences in age of initiation and its association with health. Methods: The sample included men (n=8,506) and women (n=8,479) with a history of smoking from the 2001-2002 National Epidemiological Survey of Alcohol Related Conditions. Logistic regression was used to examine gender differences in the effect of late smoking initiation on physical and mental health status after adjusting for covariates. Results: At mostly all ages after 16, women exceeded men in rates of smoking initiation (59.8% vs. 50.3%, p<.001). Among late initiators (≥16), women were more likely than men to have hypertension (OR:1.24,CI:1.09-1.41), heart disease (OR:1.20,CI:1.00-1.45), major depressive disorder (OR:2.54,CI:2.22-2.92) and generalized anxiety disorder (OR:2.34,CI:1.84-2.99). Among early initiators (<16), women were more likely than men to have major depressive disorder (OR:2.42,CI:2.11-2.77) and generalized anxiety disorder (OR:2.01,CI:1.59-2.54) but there were no gender differences in the likelihood of having hypertension (OR:1.04,CI:0.89-1.22) and heart disease (OR:1.11,CI:0.90-1.36). Conclusions: In late adolescence and adulthood, women exceed men in smoking initiation. Late initiation was associated with more significant physical health risks for women than men. Our findings raise questions about generally accepted notions on the age at which smoking initiation occurs and its association with health.Publication Open Access Associations between Experiences of Police Contact and Discrimination by the Police and Courts and Health Outcomes in a Representative Sample of Adults in New York City.(2021-11-22) Thompson, Azure; Baquero, María; English, Devin; Calvo, Michele; Martin-Howard, Simone; Rowell-Cunsolo, Tawandra; Garretson, Marné; Brahmbhatt, DikshaCommunities marginalized because of racism, heterosexism, and other systems of oppression have a history of being aggressively policed, and in those contexts, researchers have observed associations between a range of negative experiences with police and poor physical, mental, and behavioral health outcomes. However, past studies have been limited in that experiences of police contacts were aggregated at the neighborhood level and, if police contacts were self-reported, the sample was not representative. To address these limitations, we employed NYC Department of Health and Mental Hygiene 2017 Social Determinants of Health Survey (n = 2335) data to examine the associations of self-reported police contacts and discrimination by police and the courts with measures of physical (poor physical health), mental (poor mental health, serious psychological distress), and behavioral health (binge drinking). Residents marginalized because of racial, ethnic, and sexual minority status were more likely to be stopped, searched, or questioned by the police; threatened or abused by the police; and discriminated against by the police or in the courts; those experiences were associated with poor physical, mental, and behavioral health outcomes. The associations between experiences with police and poor health outcomes were strongest among Black residents and residents aged 25-44. Our findings suggest that the health of NYC residents who have had exposure to police and experienced discrimination by the police and courts is poorer than those who have not, and build on a growing body of evidence that aggressive policing practices have implications for public health.Publication Open Access Assessing the Health and Economic Impact of a Potential Menthol Cigarette Ban in New York City: a Modeling Study.(2021-11-09) Li, Yan; Sisti, Julia; Flórez, Karen R; Albrecht, Sandra S; Viswanath, Anita; Davila, Marivel; Cantrell, Jennifer; Brahmbhatt, Diksha; Thompson, Azure B; Jasek, John; Chambers, Earle CMenthol in cigarettes increases nicotine dependence and decreases the chances of successful smoking cessation. In New York City (NYC), nearly half of current smokers usually smoke menthol cigarettes. Female and non-Latino Black individuals were more likely to smoke menthol-flavored cigarettes compared to males and other races and ethnicities. Although the US Food and Drug Administration recently announced that it will ban menthol cigarettes, it is unclear how the policy would affect population health and health disparities in NYC. To inform potential policymaking, we used a microsimulation model of cardiovascular disease (CVD) to project the long-term health and economic impact of a potential menthol ban in NYC. Our model projected that there could be 57,232 (95% CI: 51,967-62,497) myocardial infarction (MI) cases and 52,195 (95% CI: 47,446-56,945) stroke cases per 1 million adult smokers in NYC over a 20-year period without the menthol ban policy. With the menthol ban policy, 2,862 MI cases and 1,983 stroke cases per 1 million adults could be averted over a 20-year period. The model also projected that an average of $1,836 in healthcare costs per person, or $1.62 billion among all adult smokers, could be saved over a 20-year period due to the implementation of a menthol ban policy. Results from subgroup analyses showed that women, particularly Black women, would have more reductions in adverse CVD outcomes from the potential implementation of the menthol ban policy compared to males and other racial and ethnic subgroups, which implies that the policy could reduce sex and racial and ethnic CVD disparities. Findings from our study provide policymakers with evidence to support policies that limit access to menthol cigarettes and potentially address racial and ethnic disparities in smoking-related disease burden.Publication Open Access Historical trauma as public narrative: a conceptual review of how history impacts present-day health.(2014-01-31) Mohatt, Nathaniel Vincent; Thompson, Azure B; Thai, Nghi D; Tebes, Jacob KraemerTheories of historical trauma increasingly appear in the literature on individual and community health, especially in relation to racial and ethnic minority populations and groups that experience significant health disparities. As a consequence of this rapid growth, the literature on historical trauma comprises disparate terminology and research approaches. This critical review integrates this literature in order to specify theoretical mechanisms that explain how historical trauma influences the health of individuals and communities. We argue that historical trauma functions as a public narrative for particular groups or communities that connects present-day experiences and circumstances to the trauma so as to influence health. Treating historical trauma as a public narrative shifts the research discourse away from an exclusive search for past causal variables that influence health to identifying how present-day experiences, their corresponding narratives, and their health impacts are connected to public narratives of historical trauma for a particular group or community. We discuss how the connection between historical trauma and present-day experiences, related narratives, and health impacts may function as a source of present-day distress as well as resilience.Publication Open Access Gender and Menthol Cigarette Use in the United States: A Systematic Review of the Recent Literature (2011 - May 2017).(2017-10-23) Smith, Philip H; Akpara, Ezinne; Haq, Raisa; El-Miniawi, Mark; Thompson, Azure BPurpose of review: To summarize current research on gender differences in mentholated cigarette use and related outcomes. Secondarily, to summarize literature on gender differences in mentholated cigarette use and related outcomes among Black smokers. Recent findings: Women smokers are more likely to use menthol cigarettes than men. Other than prevalence, there is a paucity of research on gender differences in menthol related outcomes (e.g., cessation, disease). Among both women and men, menthol preference is stable during adolescence and young adulthood. A substantial portion of both women and men who smoke menthol report an expectation of quitting should menthol be banned. We did not identify any studies of gender differences in mentholated cigarette use among Black smokers. Summary: Despite public health relevance, there is little current research on gender differences in mentholated cigarette use, other than studies of prevalence, and very little research on gender differences among Black smokers, including prevalence.Publication Open Access Romantic partner influences on prenatal and postnatal substance use in young couples.(2015-04-05) Desrosiers, Alethea; Thompson, Azure; Divney, Anna; Magriples, Urania; Kershaw, TraceBackground: Alcohol, tobacco and other drug use (ATOD) among adolescent and young adult couples during prenatal and postnatal periods is a significant public health problem, and couples may mutually influence each others' ATOD behaviors. Purpose: The current study investigated romantic partner influences on ATOD among adolescent and young adult couples during pregnancy and postnatal periods. Methods: Participants were 296 young couples in the second or third trimester of pregnancy recruited from OBGYN clinics between July 2007 and February 2011. Participants completed questionnaires at prenatal, 6 months postnatal, and 12 months postnatal periods. Dyadic data analysis was conducted to assess the stability and interdependence of male and female ATOD over time. Results: Male partner cigarette and marijuana use in the prenatal period significantly predicted female cigarette and marijuana use at 6 months postnatal (b = 0.14, P < 0.01; b = 0.11, P < 0.05, respectively). Male partner marijuana use at 6 months postnatal also significantly predicted female marijuana use at 12 months postnatal (b = 0.11, P < 0.05). Additionally, significant positive correlations were found for partner alcohol and marijuana at pre-pregnancy and 6 months postnatal, and partner cigarette use at pre-pregnancy, 6 months and 12 months postnatal. Conclusions: Partner ATOD among young fathers, particularly during the prenatal period, may play an important role in subsequent ATOD among young mothers during postnatal periods.Publication Open Access Smoking cessation advantage among adult initiators: does it apply to black women?(2010-11-15) Thompson, Azure B; Moon-Howard, Joyce; Messeri, Peter AIntroduction: Smokers who initiate as adults are more likely to quit than those who initiate as adolescents. Black women are more likely than White women to initiate smoking in adulthood and are less likely to quit. There is a paucity of research examining whether the smoking cessation advantage among adult initiators applies to Black women. The study objective is to examine race differences in the effect of developmental stage of smoking initiation on number of years until cessation among Black and White women. Methods: Data were extracted from the National Longitudinal Survey of Young Women, a national cohort of women between the ages of 49 and 61 years in 2003. The analytic sample comprised 1,008 White women and 271 Black women with a history of smoking. Survival analysis procedures were utilized to address the study objective. Results: Racial disparities in smoking cessation were most evident among women who initiated smoking as adults. White young adult initiators had a 31% increased hazard of smoking cessation advantage (adjusted hazards ratio [HR]: 1.31, 95% CI: 1.04-1.65) over adolescent initiators, whereas Black young adult initiators had no smoking cessation advantage (adjusted HR: 0.85, CI: 95% 0.55-1.30) over adolescent initiators. Conclusions: Prior observations that smoking initiation in adulthood is associated with high rates of cessation do not apply to black women. To contribute to the reduction of disparities in women's cessation efforts to prevent initiation should target young adult women, particularly Black young adult women.Publication Open Access Collective Efficacy as a Key Context in Neighborhood Support for Urban Youth.Prince, Dana M; Hohl, Bernadette; Hunter, Bronwyn A; Thompson, Azure B; Matlin, Samantha L; Hausman, Alice J; Tebes, Jacob KraemerNeighborhood context, including the physical and social environment, has been implicated as important contributors to positive youth development. A transactional approach to neighborhood asserts that place and people are mutually constitutive; negative perceptions of place are intrinsically bound with negative portrayals of stigmatized groups, including youth. Adult perceptions of neighborhood youth may contribute to an increased sense of alienation and youth antisocial behavior. This study uses street-intercept interviews with adults (N = 408) to examine the relationship between neighborhood conditions and adult support for neighborhood youth. A path model was used to examine the direct and indirect relationship of neighborhood constructs (safety, aesthetic quality, and walkability) on adult support for neighborhood youth. Neighborhood aesthetic quality and the walking environment were directly associated with adult support for youth, whereas perceived safety was indirectly associated. Collective efficacy partially explained these relationships. Findings support theorized relationships between people and places; improvements to neighborhood physical environment may directly impact resident adults' perceptions of neighborhood young people.Publication Open Access Time Trends in Smoking Onset by Sex and Race/Ethnicity Among Adolescents and Young Adults: Findings From the 2006-2013 National Survey on Drug Use and Health.Thompson, Azure B; Mowery, Paul D; Tebes, Jacob Kraemer; McKee, Sherry AIntroduction: During the 2000s the number of adolescents who became new smokers in the United States declined while the number of young adults who did so increased. However, we do not know among which demographic groups these changes occurred. Methods: We analyzed data from the 2006 to 2013 National Survey of Drug Use and Health (n = 180 079). Multivariate linear regression models were used to assess annual trends in smoking onset and log-binomial regression models to assess changes over time in the risk of smoking onset among young adults (18- to 25-years-old) relative adolescents (12- to 17-years-old). Results: From 2006 to 2013, the rate of onset among young adults (6.3%) was greater than among adolescents (1.9%). Time trends demonstrated that annual declines in smoking onset occurred among white young adult males and females. Rates of smoking onset increased among black and Hispanic young adult males with a lower rate of decline among black and Hispanic young adult females. There was a greater risk of smoking onset among young adults relative to adolescents that did not change over time. Conclusions: Smoking onset is becoming more concentrated in the young adult than adolescent years. Despite this trend, there were annual declines in young adult smoking onset but not uniformly across racial/ethnic groups. More effective strategies to prevent young adult smoking onset may contribute to a further decline in adult smoking and a reduction in tobacco-related health disparities. Implications: Smoking onset is becoming more concentrated in the young adult years across sex and racial/ethnic groups. The United States may be experiencing a period of increasing age of smoking onset and must develop tobacco control policies and practices informed by these changes.Publication Open Access Budget Justice: Investing in the Health of New York City's Ethnoracially Minoritized LGBTQ+ Students in the Wake of COVID-19.(2022-08-29) English, Devin; Owens, E F; Vaughan, Eric; Rose, Bryson; Thompson, Azure B; Garretson, Marné; Viswanath, Aishwarya L; Lopez, Felix Gabriel
